## The Palfy-Saxl Problem

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Suppose the lattice shown below is a congruence lattice of an algebra.

Conjecture: If the three $\alpha_i$'s pairwise permute, then all pairs in the lattice permute.

Whether or not this claim is true is a simplified version of a question left open by Pálfy and Saxl at the end of their 1990 paper. Below is a more formal statement of the problem, and a link to my notes describing a proposed method of solution. There remains one gap in the proof, that I'm not yet sure how to fill, but I am hopeful that the overall strategy will work.

### 🔗 Graphical composition

In an attempt to prove the claim above and its generalization, I apply an idea described in Heinrich Werner's paper called graphical composition.

### 🔗 The Problem

Before giving a more precise statement of the problem, let us recall a couple of basic definitions. Given two equivalence relations $\alpha$ and $\beta$ on a set $X$, the relation

$$\alpha \circ \beta = {(x,y) \in X^2: (\exists z)(x ; \alpha ; z ; \beta ; y)}$$

is called the composition of $\alpha$ and $\beta$, and if $\alpha \circ \beta = \beta \circ \alpha$ then $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are said to permute.

Problem. $\def\bA{\bf A} \def\bB{\bf B}$ Let $\bA$ be a finite algebra with $\operatorname{Con} \bA$ isomorphic to $M_n$, for some $n\geq 4$. If three nontrivial congruences of $\bA$ pairwise permute, does it follow that every pair of congruences of $\bA$ permute?

## 🔗 GitHub repository

My GitHub repository contains the following: